SSL

For configuring Dovecot to use SSL, see SSL configuration.

LetsEncrypt has a good primer on mail server SSL certificates.

SSL works pretty much the same universally, so for more information about SSL you can see Apache's documentation.

SSL, TLS and STARTTLS confusion

SSL and TLS terms are often used in confusing ways:

• SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) is the original protocol implementation. Some clients use SSL to mean that they're going to connect to the imaps (993), pop3s (995) or smtps (465) port, although they're still going to use TLSv1 protocol.

• TLS (Transport Layer Security) replaced the SSL protocol. TLSv1 protocol is used practically always nowadays. Some clients use TLS to mean that they're going to use STARTTLS command after connecting to the standard imap (143), pop3 (110) or smtp port (25/587). Nothing would prevent using SSLv3 protocol after STARTTLS command.

Unfortunately there doesn't seem to be any clear and simple way to refer to these different meanings. SSL term is much more widely understood than TLS, so Dovecot configuration and this documentation only talks about SSL when in fact it means both SSL/TLS.

Originally SSL support was added to protocols by giving them a separate SSL port (imaps, pop3s, etc.), where the SSL handshake starts immediately when client connects, and only after the session is encrypted the regular protocol handling begins.

Using two separate ports for unencrypted and SSL connections was thought to be wasteful and adds complexity for clients which may wish to make use of SSL when it is advertised, so STARTTLS command was added and intended to deprecate the SSL ports.

Clients using STARTTLS work by connecting to the regular unencrypted port and immediately issue a STARTTLS command, after which the session is encrypted. After SSL handshake there is no difference between SSL port initiated connections and STARTTLS initiated connections.

SSL port deprecation never really happened, probably because of a few reasons:

• Some admins don't even know about STARTTLS.
• Some admins want to require SSL/TLS, but don't realize that this is also possible with STARTTLS (Dovecot has auth_allow_cleartext = no and ssl = required settings).
• Some admins understand everything, but still prefer to allow only SSL ports (maybe with a firewall). This could be because it makes it easier to ensure that no information is leaked, because SSL/TLS handshake happens immediately. Some clients unfortunately try to do cleartext authentication without STARTTLS, even when IMAP server has told the client that it won't work. Besides, it requires fewer round-trips if you begin SSL upon connection when you know you want it, instead of connect, negotiate capabilities, insist on TLS, then start all over again inside the encrypted session.
• According to some reports STARTTLS cannot guarantee encrypted delivery of mail.